Dysthymia, an often undiagnosed depression of mild to moderate severity, affects 3% to 6% of the population (between 10 and 15 million Americans). According to the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV), people with dysthymia have a "chronically depressed mood that lasts for most of the day, more days than not, for two years or longer, with symptoms never disappearing completely for a period of more than two months."
The Symptoms
For many years, dysthymia, previously known as "depressive neurosis," was believed to be a character disorder. It is now classified as a mood disorder characterized by the presence of a sad, depressed mood for the greater part of most days, for at least two years (one year in children), as well as at least two of the following symptoms:
- poor appetite or overeating
- sleep disorder (insomnia or sleeping too much)
- low energy or fatigue
- low self-esteem
- poor concentration or difficulty making decisions
- feelings of hopelessness and despair
Despite the subtlety of the symptoms—which may also include irritability, anhedonia (impaired ability to experience pleasure) and decreased productivity—untreated dysthymia can have significant effects on relationships, work life, and overall health and well-being.
Effects on Daily Life
According to the Clarke Institute of Psychiatry in Toronto, up to 80% of people with dysthymia report severe, long-term symptoms that lead to difficulties in social and/or occupational functioning, as well as high rates of anxiety and substance abuse. Estimates of the incidence of suicide among dysthymics range from 3% to 12%.
Joel Yager, M.D., a professor in the Department of Psychiatry at the University of New Mexico School of Medicine, notes that about 40% of people with dysthymia eventually have a major depressive episode, which is known as double depression. Major depression, which profoundly affects daily functioning, is marked by significant changes in sleeping patterns and appetite; intense feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and guilt which at times may reach delusional proportions; and is often accompanied by recurrent thoughts about death and/or suicide. If you are having these symptoms, seek medical help.
Causes: Genetic, Biochemical, or Environmental?
Depression is now believed to result from a combination of biochemical, genetic, and environmental factors. According to Daniel N. Klein of the Psychology Department at the State University of New York at Stony Brook, "Knowledge of the causes and origins of dysthymia remains incomplete. We do know that it runs in families, although it is unclear whether this linkage is due to genetic or environmental factors, or both." Dysthymia is more common among females, and can begin at any age, although onset in childhood and adolescence is particularly common. People with dysthymia have a high rate of major depression in other family members, particularly their parents.
Heading for Dysthymia
Robert M.A. Hirschfield, M.D., chairman of the Department of Psychology and Behavior Sciences at the University of Texas in Galveston, is the author of When The Blues Won't Go Away, a comprehensive, readable and useful guide to dysthymic disorder. He says that there are five life experiences that can set you on a downhill course to long-lasting, low-grade depression. Although these situations do not directly cause dysthymia, they may increase the likelihood of developing the disorder in someone who has a genetic predisposition or vulnerability to depression.
These life situations include:
- adjustment problems during adolescence
- troublesome life transitions (moving, job changes, children leaving home)
- losses and life crises (death of loved ones, divorce)
- chronic, unresolved life problems (poverty, unemployment)
- stress (difficult relationships, illness/disability)
Unfortunately, many people with dysthymia, who often describe their mood as sad or "down in the dumps," don't recognize that they have an illness for which help is available. Instead, they believe that "this is just the way I am."
Psychotherapy Treatment
Traditionally, long-term psychotherapy has been the treatment of choice for dysthymia. Recent studies suggest that dysthymia responds particularly well to focused, short-term psychotherapies such as cognitive therapy and interpersonal therapy, which teaches ways to modify dysfunctional beliefs and behaviors while addressing relationship problems associated with or exacerbated by the depressive mood.
Antidepressant Drugs
There is also considerable evidence showing that dysthymia is highly responsive to treatment with antidepressant drugs. A 1997 study reported in the American Journal of Psychiatry found significant improvement or complete remission in a sizable percentage of patients with dysthymia who were treated with Zoloft or Tofranil, two commonly used antidepressant drugs. Patients taking these medications also reported improved family relationships, social and work functioning, and overall quality of life.
Because their side effects are relatively mild, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) such as Prozac (fluoxetine), Paxil, (paroxetine) and Zoloft (sertraline) are now the most commonly prescribed medications for patients with dysthymia. Side effects of the SSRIs include decreased sexual sensation, mild nausea, headache, and, infrequently, anxiety and insomnia. An older class of antidepressant drugs, referred to as tricyclics, are equally as or more effective than the SSRIs, but have many uncomfortable side effects, including weight gain, dry mouth, constipation, and blurry vision.
***Please note: In March, 2004, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued a Public Health Advisory that cautions physicians, patients, families and caregivers of patients with depression to closely monitor both adults and children receiving certain antidepressant medications. The FDA is concerned about the possibility of worsening depression and/or the emergence of suicidal thoughts, especially among children and adolescents at the beginning of treatment, or when there’s an increase or decrease in the dose. The medications of concern—mostly SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Re-uptake Inhibitors)—are: Prozac (fluoxetine), Zoloft (sertraline), Paxil (paroxetine), Luvox (fluvoxamine), Celexa (citalopram); Lexapro (escitalopram), Wellbutrin (bupropion), Effexor (venlafaxine), Serzone (nefazodone), and Remeron (mirtazapine). Of these, only Prozac (fluoxetine) is approved for use in children and adolescents for the treatment of major depressive disorder. Prozac (fluoxetine), Zoloft (sertraline), and Luvox (fluvoxamine) are approved for use in children and adolescents for the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder. For more information, please visit http://www.fda.gov/cder/drug/antidepressants.
Newer antidepressants such as Effexor, Remeron, Serzone, and Celexa have been found to be extremely effective and are tolerated well by most people. Joanna Landau, Ph.D., N.P.P., C.S., a psychiatric nurse practitioner at Four Winds Hospital in Katonah, New York, says that some people are reluctant to take antidepressants because they feel it will "alter their personality" or "make them into a different person." These drugs affect moods, not personality, explains Dr. Landau, who believes that medication in conjunction with psychotherapy is usually the most effective treatment for dysthymia. And, she emphasizes, "There is no reason to resign yourself to living with chronic feelings of unhappiness, no matter how mild. Dysthymia is a treatable disorder."
Resource:
National Institute of Mental Health
National Institutes of Health
http://www.nimh.nih.gov/
Source:
Dysthymia
Scientific American: Ask the Experts: Medicine
Available at:www.sciam.com/
Postingan
Tidak ada komentar:
Posting Komentar